![]() The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) first initiated a Food Security Reserve Agreement in 1979, with the purpose of meeting emergency requirements (ASEAN 1979). Unfortunately, we argue that this is not well understood in climate change adaptation studies as well as contemporary disaster studies. For many countries in Asia, this means the renewed adoption of EFR. Triggered by recent disasters and climate change concerns, some governments have been trying to develop more robust and resilient food systems (Fan and Brzeska 2014 Porter et al. The expected increase in climate extremes has generated anticipatory actions from governments, including a new push for EFR policy adoption. Under global climate change scenarios, food security is at risk and volatile (Porter et al. ![]() Governments have, at different points in time, usually held some form of emergency food reserves or stocks of key staple commodities (Porter 1950 Nakuja and Kerr 2018b). The EFR/EFS approach has been prescribed by many governments as a form of contingency planning and risk management strategy for unstable periods during droughts, catastrophes, wars, and conflicts. They are considered an alternative to trade-based policies for food security (Porter 1950 Timmer 2010 Nakuja and Kerr 2018b) that are often affected by extreme climate events and natural hazards. On the negative side, EFR/EFS at a large scale might not be efficient (Timmer 1975, 2010) because they can distort food prices and markets (Bigman and Reutlinger 1979 Brennan 2003) and, therefore, are subject to World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations (Lassa and Shrestha 2014 Nakuja and Kerr 2018a, b).Įmergency food reserve/emergency food stockpile policies have been part of food security and disaster preparedness narratives. Recent examples can be found in the Middle East and North Africa (Wright and Cafiero 2011) as well as in South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia (Briones et al. ![]() On the positive side, many governments have used this approach as a policy option for pursuing objectives such as food security, disaster preparedness, and famine early warning systems. The issue of emergency food reserves (EFR) or emergency food stockpiles (EFS) is an inherently contradictory concept. The findings suggest that most governments maintain the strong view that adequate emergency food reserves can buffer national food price shocks and shocks from disasters and climate change, and soften disruptions in trade due to export bans during times of disasters and climate emergencies. Emergency food reserves emerged as a practice where the shared objectives of development, disaster risk reduction, and climate change adaptation have been demonstrated by governments. This research examined emergency food reserve policies in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. Disasters and extreme climate events help governments to justify emergency food reserves. In the aftermath of the world food price crises in 2007–20, some governments in Asia have been maintaining emergency food reserves to ensure greater supply and price stability. One of the oldest options for many governments is to stockpile emergency food reserves for the purpose of food security and disaster preparedness. Triggered by recent food crises around the world and climate change concerns, some governments have been trying to develop more robust and resilient food systems. All food systems will continue to be affected by disasters and extreme climate events.
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